Publications

MultiNeRF: Multiple Watermark Embedding for Neural Radiance Fields

ICCV Workshop on Authenticity and Provenance in the Age of Generative AI (APAI)

Publication date: October 19, 2025

Yash Kulthe, Andrew Gilbert, John Collomosse

We present MultiNeRF, a 3D watermarking method that embeds multiple uniquely keyed watermarks within images rendered by a single Neural Radiance Field (NeRF) model, whilst maintaining high visual quality. Our approach extends the TensoRF NeRF model by incorporating a dedicated watermark grid alongside the existing geometry and appearance grids. This extension ensures higher watermark capacity without entangling watermark signals with scene content. We propose a FiLM-based conditional modulation mechanismthat dynamically activates watermarks based on input identifiers, allowing multiple independent watermarks to be embedded and extracted without requiring model retraining. MultiNeRF is validated on the NeRF-Synthetic and LLFF datasets, with statistically significant improvements in robust capacity without compromising rendering quality. By generalizing single-watermark NeRF methods into a flexible multi-watermarking framework, MultiNeRF provides a scalable solution for 3D content attribution.

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